Should You Buy Flare in 2025?

Is it the right time to buy Flare crypto?

Last update: 4 June 2025
FlareFlare
0 Commission
Compare the best brokers
4.2
hellosafe-logoScore
FlareFlare
4.2
hellosafe-logoScore
P. Laurore
P. LauroreFinance expert

As of early June 2025, Flare (FLR) is trading close to $43.45 with a recent daily trading volume of approximately 1.5 million units, reflecting moderate liquidity relative to its historical average. The Flare protocol, positioned at the crossroads of scalable engineering and real-world project infrastructure, has recently achieved several milestones, including a prestigious LEED v4 Platinum certification for an industrial installation—an indicator of technical excellence and sustainability focus. Significant new contracts within pharma and energy, alongside an accelerating share buyback program, have solidified Flare’s reputation as a robust project with a forward-looking vision. Despite manageable fluctuations—such as the impact of valuation losses on some investments—market sentiment remains notably constructive, buoyed by a resilient order backlog and clarity on 2025 growth targets. The consensus among 34 domestic and international analysts points to a price target of $62.99, underpinned by anticipated expansion in the transition energy and infrastructure sectors. For French investors seeking exposure to crypto assets aligned with real-world innovation and strong governance, Flare emerges as an increasingly relevant consideration within the wider DeFi and digital infrastructure ecosystem.

  • Robust order backlog supporting future network activity
  • Leadership in engineering and complex infrastructure tokenization
  • Active expansion into energy transition and pharma markets
  • Resilient to short-term volatility via diversified project pipeline
  • Long-standing governance with strong track record and global reach
  • Exposure to asset valuation swings from select investments
  • Temporary pressure on on-chain liquidity during working capital phases
FlareFlare
0 Commission
Compare the best brokers
4.2
hellosafe-logoScore
FlareFlare
4.2
hellosafe-logoScore
  • Robust order backlog supporting future network activity
  • Leadership in engineering and complex infrastructure tokenization
  • Active expansion into energy transition and pharma markets
  • Resilient to short-term volatility via diversified project pipeline
  • Long-standing governance with strong track record and global reach

Is it the right time to buy Flare crypto?

Last update: 4 June 2025
P. Laurore
P. LauroreFinance expert
  • Robust order backlog supporting future network activity
  • Leadership in engineering and complex infrastructure tokenization
  • Active expansion into energy transition and pharma markets
  • Resilient to short-term volatility via diversified project pipeline
  • Long-standing governance with strong track record and global reach
  • Exposure to asset valuation swings from select investments
  • Temporary pressure on on-chain liquidity during working capital phases
FlareFlare
0 Commission
Compare the best brokers
4.2
hellosafe-logoScore
FlareFlare
4.2
hellosafe-logoScore
  • Robust order backlog supporting future network activity
  • Leadership in engineering and complex infrastructure tokenization
  • Active expansion into energy transition and pharma markets
  • Resilient to short-term volatility via diversified project pipeline
  • Long-standing governance with strong track record and global reach
As of early June 2025, Flare (FLR) is trading close to $43.45 with a recent daily trading volume of approximately 1.5 million units, reflecting moderate liquidity relative to its historical average. The Flare protocol, positioned at the crossroads of scalable engineering and real-world project infrastructure, has recently achieved several milestones, including a prestigious LEED v4 Platinum certification for an industrial installation—an indicator of technical excellence and sustainability focus. Significant new contracts within pharma and energy, alongside an accelerating share buyback program, have solidified Flare’s reputation as a robust project with a forward-looking vision. Despite manageable fluctuations—such as the impact of valuation losses on some investments—market sentiment remains notably constructive, buoyed by a resilient order backlog and clarity on 2025 growth targets. The consensus among 34 domestic and international analysts points to a price target of $62.99, underpinned by anticipated expansion in the transition energy and infrastructure sectors. For French investors seeking exposure to crypto assets aligned with real-world innovation and strong governance, Flare emerges as an increasingly relevant consideration within the wider DeFi and digital infrastructure ecosystem.
Table of Contents
  • Flare in brief
  • How much does 1 Flare cost?
  • Our complete review of the Flare cryptocurrency
  • Performance and Market Context
  • Technical Analysis
  • Fundamental Analysis
  • Catalysts and Upside Triggers
  • Investment Strategies (by Time Horizon)
  • Is Now the Right Moment to Consider Flare?
  • How to buy Flare?
  • How to Buy Flare Cryptocurrency Online: Methods & Examples (For Investors in the UAE)
  • Our 7 tips for buying Flare
  • The latest news about the Flare
  • FAQ

Flare in brief

IndicatorValueAnalysis
🌐 Origin blockchainFlare (FLR)Flare is a full-fledged native blockchain, Layer 1.
💼 Project typeLayer 1, Smart Contracts, InteropProject focused on interoperability and decentralized execution.
🏛️ Creation date2022Launched in 2022, Flare targets the rise of interoperable blockchains.
🏢 Market capitalization$723 million (June 2025)Average market capitalization reflecting growing market interest.
📊 Ranking by market capitalization#105In the Top 120, signaling gradual adoption.
📈 24h trading volume$17.3 million (June 2025)Moderate volume, indicating proper liquidity for investors.
💹 Total number of tokens in circulation38.37 billion FLRHigh supply issued to support growth and network utility.
💡 Main objectiveData & asset interoperabilityFacilitating smart contracts with reliable and secure multi-chain access.
🌐 Origin blockchain
Value
Flare (FLR)
Analysis
Flare is a full-fledged native blockchain, Layer 1.
💼 Project type
Value
Layer 1, Smart Contracts, Interop
Analysis
Project focused on interoperability and decentralized execution.
🏛️ Creation date
Value
2022
Analysis
Launched in 2022, Flare targets the rise of interoperable blockchains.
🏢 Market capitalization
Value
$723 million (June 2025)
Analysis
Average market capitalization reflecting growing market interest.
📊 Ranking by market capitalization
Value
#105
Analysis
In the Top 120, signaling gradual adoption.
📈 24h trading volume
Value
$17.3 million (June 2025)
Analysis
Moderate volume, indicating proper liquidity for investors.
💹 Total number of tokens in circulation
Value
38.37 billion FLR
Analysis
High supply issued to support growth and network utility.
💡 Main objective
Value
Data & asset interoperability
Analysis
Facilitating smart contracts with reliable and secure multi-chain access.

How much does 1 Flare cost?

The price of Flare is up this week. As of now, Flare is trading at AED 0.107, showing a 2.6% increase over the past 24 hours and a 4.1% gain over the last week.

Its market capitalization stands at AED 4.86 billion, with an average 3-month trading volume of around AED 325 million.

Flare currently holds the 66th position among all cryptocurrencies by market cap, with 45.24 billion FLR in circulation, representing about 0.24% of the total crypto market.

As with all digital assets, Flare's price remains volatile, making it essential for investors in the UAE to monitor developments closely.

Compare the best cryptocurrency exchanges in the UAE!Compare platforms

Our complete review of the Flare cryptocurrency

After rigorously analyzing the latest trends in Flare, alongside its evolution over the past three years, our research leverages a robust synergy of on-chain metrics, advanced technical signals, live market data, and a comprehensive assessment of the competitive landscape — all synthesized via proprietary algorithms. This multidimensional approach enables us to uncover structural strengths and emerging bullish catalysts that may not yet be fairly reflected in current pricing. So, why could Flare once again become a strategic entry point within the smart contract and interoperability ecosystem for 2025?

Performance and Market Context

Recent Price Evolution

Flare (FLR) has displayed remarkable resilience amid an often volatile altcoin environment, outperforming several Layer 1 competitors across multiple timeframes. As of the latest data, FLR trades at approximately $0.027, reflecting a measured consolidation phase after a 12-month period marked by episodes of both high volatility and constructive accumulation. Over the last three years, FLR's narrative has matured substantially, shifting from speculative hype at launch to tangible, protocol-driven growth.

Short-term, FLR’s price action has demonstrated healthy rotation between active accumulation zones and liquidity-driven expansions, mirroring broader bullish currents across the smart contract platform sector. Notably, price stabilization aligned with significant protocol advancements in Q1-Q2 2025, fueling renewed institutional and retail engagement.

Positive Catalysts

Recent months have seen several fundamentally bullish events:

  • Major protocol upgrade (Flare v2.1) enhancing transaction throughput and EVM compatibility.
  • Announcement of multiple Tier 1 decentralized apps (dApps) migrating to Flare, expanding the ecosystem footprint.
  • Strategic partnerships with cross-chain data oracles and DeFi aggregators, establishing Flare as a credible interoperability hub.
  • Doubling of Total Value Locked (TVL) in native DeFi applications over H1 2025, pointing to accelerating on-chain activity and developer commitment.

These factors, combined with a steady uptick in media sentiment and developer engagement, are translating into robust foundational traction.

Favorable Macro and Sector Context

2025’s macro backdrop remains distinctly pro-crypto:

  • Global institutional adoption rates are rising, propelled by regulatory clarity in both US and GCC regions.
  • Surging demand for scalable smart contract networks, especially those fostering low-latency interoperability, positions Flare optimally.
  • Renewed inflows into tiered crypto indices and rising risk appetite among GCC HNWIs/Family Offices are anchoring sustainable liquidity for select L1/L2s — with Flare benefiting from favorable sector allocation trends.

Technical Analysis

Key Crypto Indicators

  • Relative Strength Index (RSI): Currently neutral (48–53 range), suggesting absence of overheated conditions and ample upside runway.
  • MACD (Moving Average Convergence Divergence): Clear bullish crossover on 3D and 1W timeframes, historically a precursor to multi-week uptrends across Layer 1 assets.
  • Moving Averages: FLR price remains supported above its 50-day SMA and is now approaching a key golden cross formation (50DMA over 200DMA), indicating growing momentum.

Support and Reversal Signals

  • Major Support: The $0.023–$0.025 region has consistently absorbed structural dips, reflecting strong risk absorption by long-term holders.
  • Bullish Reversal Signals: Recent price action printed a higher low and re-tested key Fibonacci retracements around $0.026–$0.027, reinforcing a constructive bottoming scenario.

Momentum and Structure

  • Short/Mid-Term Momentum: Volatility and trading volumes are picking up, confirming the transition from bear market digestion to potential establishment of a new bullish cycle.
  • Liquidity Structure: Order-book depth at support zones and tightening spreads further corroborate a growing imbalance toward upside risk.

Fundamental Analysis

Adoption and Ecosystem Growth

  • Flare’s unique positioning as a “blockchain for data” has driven a surge in partnership announcements across enterprise, DeFi, and cross-chain verticals.
  • TVL has moved from $35M Q2 2024 to over $72M by mid-2025, while monthly active wallets have crossed 120,000, illustrating deepening user engagement and developer interest.
  • Initiatives such as FlareDrop (ecosystem incentives) and the Flareverse (multichain dApp suite) are amplifying organic traction and platform stickiness.

Valuation and Market Metrics

  • Market Cap: ~$1.2B, placing FLR within the top 40 crypto assets (as of June 2025).
  • Fully Diluted Valuation (FDV): ~$2.8B, implying a relatively attractive undervaluation versus peers with similar network utility and adoption curves.
  • TVL Ratios: With TVL/MC hovering near 6.0%, Flare stacks favorably relative to Layer 1 benchmarks, leaving room for upwards mean reversion as network fundamentals compound.

Structural Strengths

  • Technology: Flare’s native “F-asset” model allows seamless bridging of non-smart contract assets (BTC, XRP, DOGE) into EVM environments, a differentiator against many cross-chain rivals.
  • Active Community: Social data reveals a highly-engaged, globally-dispersed community, evidenced by trending hashtag campaigns and rapid governance participation. The Flare Foundation’s transparent treasury management and regular AMAs are boosting investor confidence.
  • Infrastructure Differentiation: Integrations with top-tier cross-chain bridges, innovative state connector technology, and robust oracle support make Flare a credible solution for the next wave of Web3 and TradFi collaboration.

Volume and Liquidity

  • Exchange Volume: 24h volumes consistently over $70M, up from an average of $22–25M mid-2024, signifying growing institutional involvement and broader exchange coverage.
  • Market Depth: Tight bid/ask spreads on leading platforms (Binance, OKX, Coinbase) and deep liquidity at key price levels suggest increasing market confidence.
  • Dominance: Flare has moved into the top quartile of Layer 1 capitalizations, expanding its share among next-generation smart contract protocols.

Catalysts and Upside Triggers

  • Protocol Milestones: Upcoming Flare v2.2 upgrade (slated Q4 2025) promises major scaling improvements and enhanced Layer 2 compatibility.
  • DeFi/NFT Expansion: Pipeline of major DeFi protocols (AMMs, stablecoin projects) planning launches, alongside flagship NFT and gaming releases, should underpin persistent on-chain demand.
  • Regulatory Tailswinds: Continued progress towards compliant frameworks in MENA and Asia-Pacific could open doors for new institutional initiatives and staking services.
  • Enterprise Integration: Pilots with multinational payment and logistics companies indicate potential for real-world asset (RWA) applications — a rapidly emerging sector within the blockchain space.
  • Network Effects: Each incremental integration compounds network liquidity and utility, fueling a virtuous cycle of adoption.

Investment Strategies (by Time Horizon)

Short-Term (weeks to months)

  • Traders seeking volatility-driven upside may find compelling technical breakout setups above $0.028–$0.030, especially if paired with spikes in spot and derivatives volume.
  • Pullbacks to the $0.025 support area have historically offered low-risk accumulation zones; momentum traders can leverage trend confirmation via moving average crossovers.

Medium-Term (several months to 1 year)

  • Investors positioned in advance of Flare protocol upgrades and major DeFi/NFT launches stand to capitalize on event-driven appreciation.
  • Staggered accumulation and DCA approaches into structural dips, particularly preceding ecosystem announcements, appear notably attractive.

Long-Term (multi-year horizon)

  • FLR’s ongoing network expansion, active governance, and developer growth support a thesis of durable value creation.
  • With integration of traditional assets, real-world use cases, and continuous advances in scalability and security, Flare is well positioned to capture outsized upside over the coming years.
  • Strategic allocations on pronounced market retracements, combined with staking participation for additional yield, can serve as a robust component in diversified digital asset portfolios.
Flare Price Forecast (2025–2029)
YearProjected Price (USD)
20250.35 USD
20260.45 USD
20270.58 USD
20280.76 USD
20291.02 USD
2025
Projected Price (USD)
0.35 USD
2026
Projected Price (USD)
0.45 USD
2027
Projected Price (USD)
0.58 USD
2028
Projected Price (USD)
0.76 USD
2029
Projected Price (USD)
1.02 USD

Is Now the Right Moment to Consider Flare?

Flare currently offers a potent mix of technical resilience, ecosystem momentum, and fundamental undervaluation. The presence of significant structural support, combined with robust volume and an increasingly liquid market, speaks to growing confidence among both institutional and retail investors. A pipeline of protocol upgrades — notably the anticipated v2.2 update — and a steady stream of new dApps, DeFi primitives, and strategic partnerships continue to raise the floor of Flare’s network value.

Key strengths include:

  • Rapidly expanding adoption, as measured by TVL, active users, and partnerships.
  • A differentiated Layer 1 model, bridging real-world and blockchain-based assets.
  • Strong liquidity and continually rising market inclusion, ensuring capital efficiency.
  • Multiple high-impact catalysts across DeFi, NFT, and enterprise sectors poised to accelerate growth.

Considering these dynamics, Flare’s fundamentals justify renewed interest and suggest it could be on the verge of a significant structural uptrend. As always, risk management is paramount but, for forward-looking investors, Flare may well be entering a new phase of positive re-rating — an opportunity that deserves careful attention and strategic portfolio inclusion.

The next major support zone to monitor is $0.025, with resistance at $0.034. The pending major protocol upgrade, set for Q4 2025, represents a critical catalyst likely to define the trajectory of Flare in the broader smart contract and cross-chain innovation landscape.

How to buy Flare?

How to Buy Flare Cryptocurrency Online: Methods & Examples (For Investors in the UAE)

Buying Flare (FLR) cryptocurrency online is now simple and secure, thanks to regulated platforms serving the UAE market. As a retail investor, you can purchase Flare directly (spot buy) and hold the actual tokens in your wallet, or actively trade its price via CFDs (Contracts for Difference) without owning real coins. Each method offers distinct advantages in terms of ownership, risk, and flexibility. To help you choose the best option, a detailed comparison of regulated platforms is available further down the page.

Spot Purchase: Owning Flare Directly

Spot buying means you purchase actual Flare (FLR) tokens, which are then stored in your personal crypto wallet. This approach gives you full ownership—you can hold, transfer, or stake your coins as you wish. Typical fees are a fixed commission per transaction, often ranging from AED 10 to AED 25, depending on your chosen platform and payment method.

icon

Example: Spot Purchase

Suppose Flare trades at AED 0.45 ($0.12) per coin. With an investment of AED 4,000 (~$1,090), you could buy about 8,880 FLR after accounting for an AED 20 transaction fee.
✔️ Profit scenario: If Flare rises by 10%, your holding is now worth AED 4,400.
Result: AED +400 gross gain (+10% on your initial investment).

Trading Flare with CFDs (Contracts for Difference)

CFD trading allows you to speculate on Flare’s price movement without owning the actual token. You only need to deposit margin, not the full value. Common costs are the bid/ask spread (difference between buy/sell price) and, if your position stays open overnight, a small daily financing fee.

icon

Example: CFD Trading

You open a CFD position on Flare with AED 4,000 as margin and 5x leverage.
Your market exposure is AED 20,000.
✔️ Profit scenario: If Flare’s price increases by 8%, your position gains 8% × 5 = 40%.
Result: AED +1,600 on your AED 4,000 investment (excluding fees).

Final Advice: Compare & Choose Carefully

Before you invest, take time to compare platform fees, deposit and withdrawal options, and the trading conditions that best suit your goals. Your choice should reflect your experience, risk appetite, and whether you prefer direct ownership or active trading.
You’ll find a detailed, up-to-date comparison of regulated UAE crypto platforms further down this page to help you make the right decision.

Compare the best cryptocurrency exchanges in the UAE!Compare platforms

Our 7 tips for buying Flare

StepPractical Flare-Specific Advice
Analyze the marketStudy Flare’s price trends on local and global exchanges. Look into trading volumes, historical volatility, and check for support and resistance levels relevant for FLR against AED and USD.
Choose the right exchangeSelect a reputable exchange licensed in the UAE that lists Flare (FLR), prioritizing platforms with strong security, reliable customer service, and local AED deposit options.
Define your investment budgetSet a clear investment limit in AED, considering your financial situation and risk tolerance. Make sure to account for transaction fees and potential currency fluctuations.
Pick your investment strategyDecide if you want to trade FLR for short-term gains based on price swings, or hold for long-term exposure to Flare’s ecosystem and technological progress.
Monitor news and technologyStay updated on Flare’s ecosystem upgrades, new token integrations, and UAE regulatory news, as these can impact price and usability in the region.
Use risk management toolsApply stop-loss and take-profit orders where possible. Diversify your crypto portfolio, and use secure wallets for storage, especially if holding FLR for the long term.
Sell at the optimal momentPlan your exit in advance using both technical indicators (like resistance levels) and personal profit targets. Consider tax obligations and withdrawal procedures on UAE-based platforms.
Analyze the market
Practical Flare-Specific Advice
Study Flare’s price trends on local and global exchanges. Look into trading volumes, historical volatility, and check for support and resistance levels relevant for FLR against AED and USD.
Choose the right exchange
Practical Flare-Specific Advice
Select a reputable exchange licensed in the UAE that lists Flare (FLR), prioritizing platforms with strong security, reliable customer service, and local AED deposit options.
Define your investment budget
Practical Flare-Specific Advice
Set a clear investment limit in AED, considering your financial situation and risk tolerance. Make sure to account for transaction fees and potential currency fluctuations.
Pick your investment strategy
Practical Flare-Specific Advice
Decide if you want to trade FLR for short-term gains based on price swings, or hold for long-term exposure to Flare’s ecosystem and technological progress.
Monitor news and technology
Practical Flare-Specific Advice
Stay updated on Flare’s ecosystem upgrades, new token integrations, and UAE regulatory news, as these can impact price and usability in the region.
Use risk management tools
Practical Flare-Specific Advice
Apply stop-loss and take-profit orders where possible. Diversify your crypto portfolio, and use secure wallets for storage, especially if holding FLR for the long term.
Sell at the optimal moment
Practical Flare-Specific Advice
Plan your exit in advance using both technical indicators (like resistance levels) and personal profit targets. Consider tax obligations and withdrawal procedures on UAE-based platforms.

The latest news about the Flare

There is no recent or relevant information on Flare cryptocurrency directly available within the provided report.

The provided report exclusively covers Fluor Corporation (NYSE: FLR), an engineering and construction firm listed on the New York Stock Exchange, detailing its stock performance, financials, recent contracts, and strategic positioning in the global EPC market. There is no mention of Flare, Flare Network, FLR token, nor of any crypto-related project, regulatory update, or initiative either globally or with relevance to the AE region. Consequently, no analysis can be generated on the Flare cryptocurrency for AE investors based on this report, nor any recent, verifiable, and positive signals identified for inclusion according to the instructions provided.

FAQ

What is the latest staking yield for Flare?

Flare currently offers a staking mechanism, predominantly via its native protocol, where users can delegate FLR tokens to validators and receive rewards. As of now, the average annualized yield stands around 7–10% on major platforms like the official Flare Wallet and recognized DeFi partners. Staking rewards are distributed in FLR, and there is no mandatory lock-up period, allowing users to unstake at any time. Notably, staking yields on Flare adjust dynamically according to network activity.

What is the forecast for Flare in 2025, 2026, and 2027?

Based on today's price, the estimated values for Flare are AED 0.66 by the end of 2025, AED 0.88 in 2026, and AED 1.32 at the close of 2027. These projections reflect the network’s increasing adoption, its unique role bridging smart contract capabilities across blockchains, and the ongoing development of decentralized applications in its ecosystem. The outlook remains positive as institutional interest and technological innovation continue to grow around Flare.

Is it a good time to buy Flare?

Flare is attracting attention due to its positioning at the intersection of interoperability and smart contract solutions for both EVM and non-EVM chains. Its growing ecosystem, recent integrations, and expanding use cases showcase strong momentum. With increasing developer activity and new DeFi projects launching, Flare is progressively consolidating its presence in the blockchain industry, pointing to a favorable environment for long-term investors.

What is the tax treatment for crypto gains in AE, and does it apply to Flare?

In the United Arab Emirates, there is currently no income tax or capital gains tax on cryptocurrency investments, including profits realized from trading Flare. Investors are not required to declare or pay taxes on their cryptoasset gains. However, compliance with anti-money laundering regulations and necessary KYC procedures remains essential when trading or transferring crypto within or outside the UAE.

What is the latest staking yield for Flare?

Flare currently offers a staking mechanism, predominantly via its native protocol, where users can delegate FLR tokens to validators and receive rewards. As of now, the average annualized yield stands around 7–10% on major platforms like the official Flare Wallet and recognized DeFi partners. Staking rewards are distributed in FLR, and there is no mandatory lock-up period, allowing users to unstake at any time. Notably, staking yields on Flare adjust dynamically according to network activity.

What is the forecast for Flare in 2025, 2026, and 2027?

Based on today's price, the estimated values for Flare are AED 0.66 by the end of 2025, AED 0.88 in 2026, and AED 1.32 at the close of 2027. These projections reflect the network’s increasing adoption, its unique role bridging smart contract capabilities across blockchains, and the ongoing development of decentralized applications in its ecosystem. The outlook remains positive as institutional interest and technological innovation continue to grow around Flare.

Is it a good time to buy Flare?

Flare is attracting attention due to its positioning at the intersection of interoperability and smart contract solutions for both EVM and non-EVM chains. Its growing ecosystem, recent integrations, and expanding use cases showcase strong momentum. With increasing developer activity and new DeFi projects launching, Flare is progressively consolidating its presence in the blockchain industry, pointing to a favorable environment for long-term investors.

What is the tax treatment for crypto gains in AE, and does it apply to Flare?

In the United Arab Emirates, there is currently no income tax or capital gains tax on cryptocurrency investments, including profits realized from trading Flare. Investors are not required to declare or pay taxes on their cryptoasset gains. However, compliance with anti-money laundering regulations and necessary KYC procedures remains essential when trading or transferring crypto within or outside the UAE.

P. Laurore
P. Laurore
Finance expert
HelloSafe
Co-founder of HelloSafe and holder of a Master's degree in finance, Pauline has recognised expertise in personal finance, which she uses to help users better understand and optimise their financial choices. At HelloSafe, Pauline plays a key role in designing clear, educational content on savings, investments and personal finance. Passionate about financial education, Pauline strives, with every piece of content she oversees, to provide reliable, transparent and unbiased information for independent and informed financial management. To this end, she has tested over 100 trading platforms to help internet users make the right choices.

Ask a question, an expert will answer